> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://the-bias-project.gitbook.io/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://the-bias-project.gitbook.io/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction.md). # The Cognitive Bias Ontology: Introduction This gitbook serves as a platform to show our progress as one of the groups in charge of developing an ontology for cognitive biases for the project of Knowledge representation and Extraction course in the University of Bologna.\ The Group is composed by Marco Lamorte, Corrado Consiglio, Alice Picco and Salvatore Di Marzo. ## Cognitive Bias Definition *The definition is provided by wikipedia* A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from [norm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_\(philosophy\)) or rationality in judgment[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#cite_note-Haselton_2005-1). Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the [objective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_\(philosophy\)) input, may dictate their [behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior) in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and [irrationality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationality). While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#cite_note-5). Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in [heuristics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_\(psychology\))[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#cite_note-h_and_b-6). Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#cite_note-Haselton_2005-1), resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms ([bounded rationality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality)), the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see [embodied cognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition)), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing. A continually evolving [list of cognitive biases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases) has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making in [cognitive science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science), [social psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology), and [behavioral economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics). The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management.
## Clusters developed As part of the project we decided to develop the following clusters of bias: **We tend to find stories and patterns even when looking at sparse data:** * [Confabulation](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/confabulation-bias.md) * [Clustering illusion](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/clustering-illusion-bias.md) * [Insensitivity to sample size](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/insensitivity-to-sample-size-bias.md) * [Neglect of Probability](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/neglect-of-probability-bias.md) * [Anecdotal fallacy](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/anecdotal-fallacy-bias.md) * [Illusion of validity](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/illusion-of-validity-bias.md) * [Masked man Fallacy](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/masked-man-fallacy-bias.md) * [Recency illusion](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/recency-bias.md) * [Gambler's fallacy](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/gamblers-fallacy-bias.md) * [Hot hand fallacy](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/hot-hand-fallacy-bias.md) * [Illusory correlation](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/illusory-correlation-bias.md) * [Pareidolia ](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/pareidolia-bias.md) * [Anthropomorphism](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/anthropomorphism-bias.md) #### We notice flaws in others more easily than we notice flaws in ourselves * [Blind Spot Bias](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/blind-spot-bias.md) * [Naïve cynicism](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/naive-cynicism-bias.md) * [Naïve realism](/cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-documentation/the-cognitive-bias-ontology-introduction/the-cognitive-bias-ontologies-project-an-overview/ontologies-developed/naive-realism-bias.md)